Kulcsszavak
Hogyan kell idézni
Absztrakt
Cél: A háromrészes tanulmány második részének célja, hogy magyar nyelven, konkrét példákon keresztül bemutassa a bűncselekményekkel kapcsolatba hozható biológiai anyagmaradványok (köztük a DNS) átkerülésének mechanizmusait, valamint a transzfert befolyásoló belső és külső tényezőket.
Módszertan: A tanulmány készítéséhez a nemzetközi szakirodalmat, szakmai ajánlásokat és adatbázisokat vetette össze a szerző.
Megállapítások: A bűnügyekben vizsgált biológiai anyagmaradványok cselekvési szintű igazságügyi valószínűsítő értékelése során számításba kell azt venni, hogy a forrásfelületről az anyagmaradványok (köztük a DNS) nemcsak közvetlenül, direkt módon, hanem más személyek, élőlények vagy tárgyak mint közvetítő vektorok révén, közvetett (indirekt) módon is átkerülhetnek a szakértői vizsgálat szempontjából kitüntetett célfelületre. A direkt és indirekt transzfer függhet a személyek vagy tárgyak nyomhagyói státusától, a forrás-, közvetítő és célfelületek típusától, a felületek közötti érintkezés módjától, sorrendjétől, időtartamától és gyakoriságától, valamint a biológiai anyag típusától, állapotától, mennyiségétől és minőségétől. A transzfert (T) külső tényezők is befolyásolják, melyek közül a legfontosabbak a biológiai anyagmaradványok megmaradására (persistence, Pe), elterjedtségére (prevalence, Pr) és kimutathatóságára (recovery, R) vonatkozó körülmények. Ezen TPePrR-, a külföldi szakirodalomban használt rövidítéssel TPPR-adatokat célszerű úgy meghatározni és publikálni, hogy azok felhasználhatók legyenek más szakértők számára is. Ebben segítséget nyújtanak a TPPR-re vonatkozó publikációs adatbázisok, illetve a laboratóriumok kollaborációi. A TPPR-eredmények kompatibilitását a módszertani protokollok összehangolása, a kimutatási változékonysági faktorok használata, a korábban mások által elvégzett és publikált kísérletek megismétlése, valamint a kalibrációs vizsgálatokkal meghatározott korrekciós faktorok alkalmazása teremtheti meg Magyarországon is.
Érték: Magyar nyelven a szerző elsőként mutatja be ezt a szakterületet az igazságszolgáltatás szereplőinek, megteremtve a szakmai hátteret és nyelvezetet a magyarországi alkalmazásban.
Hivatkozások
Albani, P. P., Patel, J., Fleming, R. I. (2018). DNA on feminine sanitary products. Forensic Science International, 293, 24–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.10.010
Astrup, B. S., Thomsen, J. L., Lauritsen, J., Ravn, P. (2012). Detection of spermatozoa following consensual sexual intercourse, Forensic Science International, 221(1–3), 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.024
Bowman, Z. E., Mosse, K. S. A., Sungaila, A. M., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Hartman, D. (2018). Detection of offender DNA following skin-to-skin contact with a victim. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 37, 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.09.005
Breathnach, M., Moore, E. (2013). Oral intercourse or secondary transfer? A Bayesian approach of salivary amylase and foreign DNA findings. Forensic Science International, 229(1–3), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.029
Burrill, J., Daniel, B., Frascione, N. (2019). A review of trace “Touch DNA” deposits: Variability factors and an exploration of cellular composition. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 39, 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.11.019
Caccia, G., Cappella, A., Castoldi, E., Marino, A., Colloca, D., Amadasi, A., Caccianiga, M., Lago, G., Cattaneo, C. (2021). Blood and sperm traces on human hair. A study on preservation and detection after 3-month outdoor exposure, Science & Justice, 61(6), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.08.001
Cadola, L., Charest, M., Lavallée, C., & Crispino, F. (2021). The occurrence and genesis of transfer traces in forensic science: a structured knowledge database. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 54(2), 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2021.1890941
Cale, C. M., Earll, M. E., Latham, K. E., Bush, G. L. (2016). Could Secondary DNA Transfer Falsely Place Someone at the Scene of a Crime? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 61(1), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12894
Carrara, L., Hicks, T., Samie, L., Taroni, F., Castella, V. (2023). DNA transfer when using gloves in burglary simulations. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 63, 102823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102823
Dawnay, N., Sheppard, K. (2023). From crime scene to courtroom: A review of the current bioanalytical evidence workflows used in rape and sexual assault investigations in the United Kingdom. Science & Justice, 63(2), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2022.12.006
Dimitriu, P. A., Iker, B., Malik, K., Leung, H., Mohn, W. W., Hillebrand, G. G. (2019). New Insights into the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors That Shape the Human Skin Microbiome. mBio., 10(4), e00839–19. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00839-19
Douglas, H., Fraser, I., Davidson, G., Murphy, C., Gorman, M. L., Boyce, M., Doole, S. (2023). Assessing the background levels of body fluids on hands. Science & Justice, 63(4), 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2023.04.015
Farmen, R. K. B., Haukeli, I., Ruoff, P., Frøyland, E. S. (2012). Assessing the presence of female DNA on post-coital penile swabs: Relevance to the investigation of sexual assault. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 19(7), 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2012.02.029
Fonneløp, A., E., Egeland, T., Gill, P. (2015). Secondary and subsequent DNA transfer during criminal investigation. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 17, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.05.009
Füredi, S. (2026). A biológiai anyagmaradványok cselekvési szintű vizsgálata bűnügyekben I. - A DNS-azonosítás szintet lép. Belügyi Szemle, megjelenés alatt
Füszter, B. E. (2016). Edmond Locard — “Father of the Crime Lab”. Magyar Rendészet, 16(2), 21–26. https://folyoirat.ludovika.hu/index.php/magyrend/article/view/2574/1842
Gill, P. (2014). Misleading DNA Evidence: Reasons for Miscarriages of Justice. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-01382-5
Gill, P. (2016). Analysis and implications of the miscarriages of justice of Amanda Knox and Raffaele Sollecito. Forensic Science International: Genetics 23, 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.015
Gill, P., Fonneløp, A., E., Hicks, T., X Xenophontos, S., Cariolou, M., van Oorschot, R., Buckel, I., Sukser, V., Papić, S., Merkaš, S., Kostic, A., Pereira, A. M., Teutsch, C., Forsberg, C., Haas, C., Petkovski, E., Hass, F., Masek, J., Stosic, J., Lee, J. S., Syn C. K-C, Groombridge, L., Trimborn, M., Hadjivassiliou, M., Breathnach, M., Novackova, J., Parson, W., Hatzer-Grubwieser, P., Pietikäinen, S., Joas, S., Willuweit, S., Grethe, S., Milićević, T., Hasselqvist, T., Kallupurackal, V., Stenzl, V., Jansson, S., Glocker, I., Brunck, S., Nyhagen, K., Lingelem, A. B. D., Autere, H., Thornbury, D., Pedersen, N., Fox, S., Moore, D., Escott, G., Petersen, C. B., Larsen, H. J., Giles, R., Allen, P. S., Prieto, L., Ramirez, E., de Yuso, I. M., Bastisch, I. (2025a). The ReAct project: Analysis of data from 23 different laboratories to characterise DNA recovery given two sets of activity level propositions. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 76, 103222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103222
Gill, P., Hicks, T., Carracedo, A. (2025b). The ReAct project: Bayesian networks for assessing the value of the results given activity level propositions. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 76, 103223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103223
Gill, P., Hicks, T., Kokshoorn, B., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Taylor D., Parson, W. (2026). Minimum FSI: Genetics requirements for publishing data on DNA transfer and recovery, given activities. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 80, 103330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103330
Goray, M., Eken, E., Mitchell, R. J., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2010a). Secondary DNA transfer of biological substances under varying test conditions. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 4(2), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.001
Goray, M., Eken, E., Mitchell, R. J., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2010b). Investigation of secondary DNA transfer of skin cells under controlled test conditions. Legal Medicine, 12(3), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2010.01.003
Goray, M., Kokshoorn, B., Steensma, K., Szkuta, B., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2020). DNA detection of a temporary and original user of an office space. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 4, 102203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102203
Gosch, A., Courts, C. (2019). On DNA transfer: The lack and difficulty of systematic research and how to do it better. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 40, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.01.012
Graham, E. A. M., Rutty, G. N. (2008). Investigation into “Normal” Background DNA on Adult Necks: Implications for DNA Profiling of Manual Strangulation Victims. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53, 1074–1082. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00800.x
Graham, E. A. M., Watkins, W. J., Dunstan, F. Maguire, S., Nuttall, D., Swinfield, C. E. Rutty, G. N., Kemp, A. M. (2014). Defining background DNA levels found on the skin of children aged 0–5 years. Int J Legal Med 128, 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-013-0906-8
Gregory, B. M. (2024). Investigation and Detection Methods for Digital and Penile Penetration Without Ejaculation. Master’s Thesis, Ceder Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
Kamodyová, N., Durdiaková, J., Celec, P., Sedláčková, T., Repiská, G., Sviežená, B., Minárik, G. (2013). Prevalence and persistence of male DNA identified in mixed saliva samples after intense kissing. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 7(1), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.07.007
Kokshoorn, B., Aarts, L. H. J., Ansell, R., Connolly, E., Drotz, W., Kloosterman, A. D., McKenna, L. G., Szkuta, B., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2018). Sharing data on DNA transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery: Arguments for harmonization and standardization, Forensic Science International: Genetics, 37, 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.09.006
Lacerenza, D., Aneli, S., Omedei, M., Gino, S., Pasino, S., Berchialla, P., Robino, C. (2016). A molecular exploration of human DNA/RNA co-extracted from the palmar surface of the hands and fingers. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 22, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.012
Locard, E. (1930). The analysis of dust traces. Part I. Am. J. Police Sci. 1(3), 276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1147154
Mameli, A., Scudiero, C. M., Delogu, G., Ghiani, M. E. (2019). Successful analysis of a 100 years old semen stain generating a complete DNA STR profile. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 61, 78–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.11.008
Manoli, P., Antoniou, A., Bashiardes, E., Xenophontos, S., Photiades, M., Stribley, V., Mylona, M., Demetriou, C., Cariolou, M. A. (2016). Sex-specific age association with primary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 130, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-015-1291-2
Mayes, C., Houston, R., Seashols-Williams, S., LaRue, B., Hughes-Stamm, S. (2019). The stability and persistence of blood and semen mRNA and miRNA targets for body fluid identification in environmentally challenged and laundered samples. Legal Medicine, 38, 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2019.03.007
McColl, D. L., Harvey, M. L., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2017). DNA transfer by different parts of a hand. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 6, e29-e31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.014
Meakin, G. E., Butcher, E. V., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Morgan, R. M. (2017). Trace DNA evidence dynamics: An investigation into the deposition and persistence of directly- and indirectly-transferred DNA on regularly-used knives. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 29, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.03.016
Meixner, E., Kallupurackal, V., Kratzer, A., Voegeli, P., Thali M. J., Bolliger S. A. (2020). Persistence and detection of touch DNA and blood stain DNA on pig skin exposed to water. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 16, 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-020-00234-3
Morrison, A. I. (1972). Persistence of spermatozoa in the vagina and cervix. Br. J. Vener. Dis., 48, 141–143. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.48.2.141
Murphy, C., Kenna, J., Flanagan, L., Lee Gorman, M., Boland, C. and Ryan, J. (2020). A Study of the Background Levels of Male DNA on Underpants Worn by Females. J Forensic Sci, 65, 399–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14198
Nittis, M., Franco, M., Cochrane, C. (2016). New oral cut-off time limits in NSW. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 44, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2016.09.006
Noël, S., Lagacé, K., Rogic, A., Granger, D., Bourgoin, S., Jolicoeur, C., Séguin, D. (2016). DNA transfer during laundering may yield complete genetic profiles. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 23, 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.05.004
Oleiwi, A. A., Morris, M. R., Schmerer, W. M., Sutton, R. (2015). The relative DNA-shedding propensity of the palm and finger surfaces. Science & Justice, 55(5), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2015.04.003
Oldoni, F., Castella, V., Hall, D. (2016). Shedding light on the relative DNA contribution of two persons handling the same object. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 24, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.07.002
Otten, L., Banken, S., Schürenkamp, M., Schulze-Johann, K., Sibbing, U., Pfeiffer, H., Vennemann, M. (2019). Secondary DNA transfer by working gloves. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 43, 102126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.005
Pfeifer, C. M., Wiegand, P. (2017). Persistence of touch DNA on burglary-related tools. Int J Legal Med 131, 941–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1551-4
Raymond, J. J., Walsh, S. J., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Gunn, P. R., Evans, L., Roux, C. (2008). Assessing trace DNA evidence from a residential burglary: Abundance, transfer and persistence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 1(1), 442–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.040
Raymond, J. J., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Walsh, S. J., Roux, C., Gunn, P. R. (2009). Trace DNA and street robbery: A criminalistic approach to DNA evidence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 2(1), 544–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.073
Romano, C. G., Mangiaracina, R., Donato, L., D’Angelo, R., Scimone, C., Sidoti, A. (2019). Aged fingerprints for DNA profile: First report of successful typing. Forensic Science International, 302, 109905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109905
Ruan, T., Barash, M., Gunn, P., Bruce, D. (2018). Investigation of DNA transfer onto clothing during regular daily activities. Int J Legal Med 132, 1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1736-x
Steensma, K., Ansell, R., Clarisse, L., Connolly, E., Kloosterman, A. D., McKenna, L. G., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Szkuta, B., Kokshoorn, B. (2017). An inter-laboratory comparison study on transfer, persistence and recovery of DNA from cable ties. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 31, 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.08.015
Stella, C. J., Mitchell, R. J., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2017). Hand activities during robberies—Relevance to consideration of DNA transfer and detection. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 6, e3–e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.002
Stouder, S. L., Reubush, K. J., Hobson, D. L., Smith, J. L. (2001) Trace evidence scrapings: a valuable source of DNA? Forensic Science Communications 4(4). https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/trace-evidence-scrapings-valuable-source-dna
Szkuta, B., Ballantyne, K. N., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2017) Transfer and persistence of DNA on the hands and the influence of activities performed. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 28, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.01.006
Szkuta, B., Ballantyne, K. N., Kokshoorn, B., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2018).
Transfer and persistence of non-self DNA on hands over time: Using empirical data to evaluate DNA evidence given activity level propositions,
Forensic Science International: Genetics, 33, 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.11.017
Szkuta, B., Ansell, R., Boiso, L., Connolly, E., Kloosterman, A. D., Kokshoorn, B., McKenna, L. G., Steensma, K., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2019). Assessment of the transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery of DNA traces from clothing: An inter-laboratory study on worn upper garments. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 42, 56–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.06.011
Tanzhaus, K., Reiß, M. T., Zaspel, T. (2021). “I’ve never been at the crime scene!” — gloves as carriers for secondary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 135, 1385–1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02597-w
Taylor, D. (2016). The evaluation of exclusionary DNA results: a discussion of issues in R v. Drummond. Law, Probability and Risk, 15(3), 175–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/lpr/mgw004
Taylor, D., Volgin, L., Kokshoorn, B., Champod, C. (2021). The importance of considering common sources of unknown DNA when evaluating findings given activity level propositions. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 53, 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102518
Taylor, D. & Kokshoorn, B. (2023). Forensic DNA Trace Evidence Interpretation: Activity Level Propositions and Likelihood Ratios (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003273189
Taylor, D., Volgin, L., Gill, P., Kokshoorn, B. (2025). Accounting for inter-laboratory DNA recovery data variability when performing evaluations given activities. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 78, 103283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2025.103283
van den Berge, M., Wagner, S., Meijers, E., Kokshoorn, B., Kloosterman, A., van der Scheer, M., Sijen, T. (2019). Minimizing hand-to-glove DNA contamination. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 7(1), 19–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.09.009
van Oorschot, R. & Jones, M. (1997). DNA fingerprints from fingerprints. Nature, 387, 767. https://doi.org/10.1038/42838
van Oorschot, R. A. H., McArdle, R., Goodwin, W. H., Ballantyne, K. N. (2014a). DNA transfer: The role of temperature and drying time. Legal Medicine, 16(3), 161–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.01.005
van Oorschot, R. A. H., Glavich, G., Mitchell, R. J. (2014b). Persistence of DNA deposited by the original user on objects after subsequent use by a second person. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 8(1), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.10.005
van Oorschot, R. A. H., McColl, D. L., Alderton, J. E., Harvey, M. L., Mitchell, R. J., Szkuta, B. (2015). Activities between activities of focus—Relevant when assessing DNA transfer probabilities. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, 5, e75–e77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.031
van Oorschot, R. A. H., Szkuta, B., Meakin, G. E., Kokshoorn, B., & Goray, M. (2019). DNA transfer in forensic science: A review. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 38, 140–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.10.014
van Oorschot, R. A. H., Meakin, G. E., Kokshoorn, B., Goray, M., & Szkuta, B. (2021). DNA Transfer in Forensic Science: Recent Progress towards Meeting Challenges. Genes, 12(11), 1766. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12111766
Verdon, T. J., Mitchell, R. J., van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2013). The influence of substrate on DNA transfer and extraction efficiency. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 7(1), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.09.004
Voskoboinik, L., Amiel, M., Reshef, A., Gafny, Barash, M. (2018). Laundry in a washing machine as a mediator of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 132, 373–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1617-3
Wagenaar, W. (2002). False confessions after repeated interrogation: The Putten murder case. European Review 10(4), 519–537. https://doi.org/10.1017/S106279870200042X
Wiegand, P., Kleiber, M. (1997) DNA typing of epithelial cells after strangulation, Int. J. Legal Med. 110(4) 181–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004140050063
Woollacott, C., Goray, M., van Oorschot, R. A. H., Taylor, D. (2025). The Transfer, Prevalence, Persistence, and Recovery of DNA from Body Areas in Forensic Science: A Review. Forensic Sciences, 5(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci5010009
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Belügyi Szemle