Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study is to explore and analyse the connections between corruption and money laundering. Sharing the results can contribute to effective action against the investigated phenomena.
Methodology: The authors used Transparency International's corruption perception index and the anti-money laundering component of the Organized Crime index from public Internet databases. They were examined using statistical methods (descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlation and linear regression) in a sample of 175 countries of the world.
Findings: Increasing the effectiveness of the fight against money laundering generally reduces the perceived level of corruption. There is a well-explained, significant positive correlation between the two indicators. The perceived level of corruption is also influenced by other factors of organized crime with different effects from continent to continent.
Value: The value of the research is given by the up-to-date nature of the data. The most important of its limitations is that the organized crime index has only been available since 2021. Another possible research direction is the examination of country groups according to national income, as well as the performance of time series analyses in parallel with the increase in the number of reports.
References
Abramo, C. W. (2008). How much do perceptions of corruption really tell us? Economics (e-Journal), 2(1), Article 20080003. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2008-3
Adamoli, S., Di Nicola, A., Savona, E. U., & Zoffi, P. (1998). Organised crime around the world (p. 187) [Report]. UN European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control (HEUNI). https://doi.org/10.15496/publikation-23606
Amara, I., Khlif, H., & El Ammari, A. (2020). Strength of auditing and reporting standards, corruption and money laundering: A cross-country investigation. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(9), 1243–1259. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-10-2018-2026
Antalóczy P., Gáspár M., Istvanovszki L., Nyeste P., Pató V. L., Szendrei F., & Szűcs B. (2019). A nemzetközi és honos szervezett bűnözés története, XX. századi fejlődése és várható tendenciái. Dialóg Campus Kiadó. https://rtk.uni-nke.hu/document/rtk-uni-nke-hu/SZB%20ko%CC%88nyv.pdf
Báger G. (2016). Korrupció (online). Akadémiai Kiadó. https://mersz.hu/dokumentum/dj169k__14/
Balogh P., Nagy S. K., & Szántó Z. (2015). A társadalmi tőke árnyoldalai: Korrupciós hálózatok és bűnszervezetek. Századvég, 20(78), 77–101. https://adt.arcanum.com/hu/view/Szazadveg_2015_78/?pg=87&layout=s
Barone, R., Masciandaro, D., & Schneider, F. (2022). Corruption and money laundering: You scratch my back, i’ll scratch yours. Metroeconomica, 73(1), 318–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/meca.12365
Beare, M. E. (1997). Corruption and organized crime: Lessons from history. Crime, Law and Social Change, 28(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008220609526
Budik, J. & Ezr, V. (2015). Corruption Perceptions Index, Credit Rating and Global Competitiveness of Selected Countries. 1–12. https://is.vsfs.cz/publication/5195/Budik_Ezr_Corruption_Perceptions_Index.pdf
Budsaratragoon, P. & Jitmaneeroj, B. (2020). A critique on the Corruption Perceptions Index: An interdisciplinary approach. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 70, 100768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2019.100768
Campos, J. E. & Pradhan, S. (2007). The many faces of corruption: Tracking vulnerabilities at the sector level. World Bank Publications.
Canali, L. (2021, April 27). L’espansione delle mafie. Limes. https://www.limesonline.com/carte/l-espansione-delle-mafie-14709426/
Capitani, G. (Director). (2007, September 10). Il generale Dalla Chiesa [Biography]. Endemol Shine Italy, Mediavivere.
Chaikin, D. & Sharman, J. (2009). Corruption and money laundering: A symbiotic relationship. Springer.
Chêne, M. & Hodess, R. (2008). Organised crime and corruption (p. 11). U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute. https://www.u4.no/publications/organised-crime-and-corruption.pdf
Choo, K.-K. R. (2015). Chapter 15 - Cryptocurrency and Virtual Currency: Corruption and Money Laundering/Terrorism Financing Risks? In D. Lee Kuo Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of Digital Currency (pp. 283–307). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802117-0.00015-1
Ciancimino, M. & Licata, F. L. (2013). Don Vito. Quercus.
Cook, R. D. (1977). Detection of Influential Observation in Linear Regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/1268249
Czibik, Á., Pápay, B., Szántó, Z., & Tóth, J. I. (2017). Computer Assisted Content Analysis of the print press coverarge of corruption in Hungary « Anticorrp. In Z. Szántó & J. I. Tóth (Eds.), Media and corruption in Hungary (2004-2013) (pp. 1–99). Corvinus University of Budapest. https://anticorrp.eu/publications/computer-assisted-content-analysis-of-the-print-press-coverarge-of-corruption-in-hungary/
Di Maggio, U. & Lo Verde, F. M. (2021). Organized crime as global social problem. In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Problems (pp. 1–24). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68127-2_240-1
Domashova, J. & Politova, A. (2021). The Corruption Perception Index: Analysis of dependence on socio-economic indicators. Procedia Computer Science, 190, 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.06.024
Donchev, D. & Ujhelyi, G. (2014). What do corruption indices measure? Economics & Politics, 26(2), 309–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12037
Durbin, J. & Watson, G. S. (1950). Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression: I. Biometrika, 37(3/4), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332391
Engels J. I. (2016). A korrupció története. Corvina Kiadó.
Fenyvesi É. (2013). Az ezerarcú korrupció. In Hamar F. (Szerk.), Multidiszciplináris kihívások – Sokszínű válaszok (pp. 17–27). Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola Kereskedelmi, Vendéglátóipari és Idegenforgalmi Kar Közgazdasági és Társadalomtudományi Intézeti Tanszéki Osztály. https://epa.oszk.hu/03400/03448/00002/pdf/EPA03448_multidiszciplinaris_2013_1_017-027.pdf
Fenyvesi É. (2014). A korrupció mérhetősége. In Hamar F. (Szerk.), Multidiszciplináris kihívások – Sokszínű válaszok (Vol. 4, pp. 21–33). Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola. https://publikaciotar.uni-bge.hu/id/eprint/672/
Fisher, R. A. (1919). The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52(2), 399–433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800012163
Gaspareniene, L., Gagyte, G., Remeikiene, R., & Matuliene, S. (2022). Clustering of the European Union member states based on money laundering measuring indices. Economics & Sociology, 15(2), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2022/15-2/10
Gjoni, M., Gjoni, A., & Kora, H. (2015). Money laundering effects. UBT International Conference, 13–20. https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2015/all-events/16
Hegewald, S. & Schraff, D. (2024). Corruption and trust in the European Parliament: Quasi‐experimental evidence from the Qatargate scandal. European Journal of Political Research, 63(4), 1674–1685. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12654
Hoskin, T. (2012). Parametric and nonparametric: Demystifying the terms. Mayo Clinic, 5(1), 1–5.
Huter, M. & Scaturro, R. (2019). UNCAC in a nutshell—A quick guide to the United Nations Convention against Corruption for donor agency and embassy staff. U4 ACRR & TI. https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/UNCAC-in-a-Nutshell_2019.pdf
Hyde, R. (2021). Von der Leyen admits to COVID-19 vaccine failures. The Lancet, 397(10275), 655–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00428-1
Ifi-Valde O., Klotz P., Váradi P., & Végh V. (2015). Az új irány: Korrupciómegelőzés a Nemzeti Védelmi Szolgálatnál. Belügyi Szemle, 63(10), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2015.10.1
Interpol. (2017). Project ENACT. https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Criminal-intelligence-analysis/Project-ENACT
Inzelt É., Kerezsi K., & Lévay M. (2014). Korrupciós bűncselekmények a büntető igazságszolgáltatás tükrében. Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar. https://www.ajk.elte.hu/media/39/1e/d6420ce846d0a6b5a8541f7a319c16208f834ee00073679fe8f2a0433ed7/Inzelt-%C3%89va-Kerezsi-Kl%C3%A1ra-L%C3%A9vay-Mikl%C3%B3s-Korrupci%C3%B3s-b%C5%B1ncselekm%C3%A9nyek-a-b%C3%BCntet%C5%91-igazs%C3%A1gszolg%C3%A1ltat%C3%A1s-t%C3%BCkr%C3%A9ben.pdf
Kaufmann, D. & Kraay, A. (2023). Worldwide governance indicators, 2023 update. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.60572/8N3Y-EV47
Kaysser, N., Underwood, F. M., Macfadyen, G., Sergi, A., Betti, S., Chin, S., Amerhauser, K., McLaggan, M., Hunter, M., Scaturro, R., & Eligh, J. (2023). The organized crime index. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. https://ocindex.net/assets/downloads/global_oc_index.xlsx
Keller T. & Sík E. (2009). A korrupció észlelése, elfogadása és gyakorlata. In TÁRKI Európai Társadalmi Jelentés 2009 (pp. 167–182). TÁRKI. https://www.tarki.hu/hu/research/gazdkult/gazdkult_keller_sik.pdf
Korejo, M. S., Rajamanickam, R., & Md. Said, M. H. (2021). The concept of money laundering: A quest for legal definition. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24(4), 725–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-05-2020-0045
Koselleck, R. (2010). Begriffsgeschichten. Suhrkamp Verlag. https://www.suhrkamp.de/buch/reinhart-koselleck-begriffsgeschichten-t-9783518295267
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2008). The methodology of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2008. Transparency International. https://files.transparencycdn.org/images/2008_CPI_LongMethodology_EN.pdf
Levene, H., Olkin, I., & Hotelling, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics: Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling (pp. 278–292). Stanford University Press. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Robust-tests-for-equality-of-variances-Levene/3eb99d37fef7c5b23ea3ecb4e1a7de65b0af59ed
Livescu, I. (2017). The link between money laundering and corruption: Is the fight effective? [Tilburg University Law School]. https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=142895
Martin J. P. (2020). Olajozza vagy csikorgatja a fogaskerekeket? In Kolosi T., Szelényi I., & Tóth I. G. (Szerk.), Társadalmi Riport (pp. 60–89). Tárki Social Research Institute.
Mendes, C. & Oliveira, J. (2013). Money laundering and corrupt officials: A dynamic model. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 16(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201311286850
Moran, N. (2007). Defining organized crime: Economic, legal and social factors. In P. P. Mishra & F. Shanty (Eds.), Organized Crime: From Trafficking to Terrorism [2 volumes] (pp. 43–47). Bloomsbury Publishing. https://books.google.hu/books?hl=hu&lr=&id=ukTPEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA30&dq=definitions+of+organized+crimes&ots=VLBqY3oSqE&sig=Yikz7gWpaAu_B_k_CYoKMLm7paE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=definitions%20of%20organized%20crimes&f=false
Mugarura, N. (2010). The effect of corruption factor in harnessing global anti‐money laundering regimes. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 13(3), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/13685201011057145
Mugarura, N. (2016). Uncoupling the relationship between corruption and money laundering crimes. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 24(1), 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-01-2014-0002
Nagy G. (2018, január 31.). A korrupció fogalma, mérése és hatása. https://transparency.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/A-korrupcio-fogalma-merese-%C3%A9s-hatasa.pdf
Németh E., Vargha B. T., & Pályi K. Á. (2019). Nemzetközi korrupciós rangsorok tudományos megbízhatósága. Pénzügyi Szemle/Public Finance Quarterly, 64(3), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.35551/PSZ_2019_3_1
Németh, E., Jakovác, K., & Vargha, B. (2021). Módszertani szempontok a hazai korrupciós helyzet tudományosan megalapozott mérésének kialakításhoz. Belügyi Szemle, 69(11), 1963–1980. https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2021.11.5
Panizza, U. (Ed.). (2017). The use of corruption indicators in sovereign ratings. Inter-American Development Bank. https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/295742/?v=pdf
Pápay, B., Hajdu, M., Szántó, Z., & Tóth, I. J. (2016). Human assisted content analysis of the print press coverage of corruption in Hungary. European Journal of Communication, 33(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750673
Polya, G. (1920). Über den zentralen Grenzwertsatz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und das Momentenproblem. Mathematische Zeitschrift, 8(3–4), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01206525
Rose-Ackerman, S. & Palifka, B. J. (2018). Corruption, organized crime, and money laundering. In K. Basu & T. Cordella (Eds.), Institutions, governance and the control of corruption (pp. 75–111). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65684-7_4
Rusanov, G. & Pudovochkin, Y. (2020). Money laundering in the modern crime system. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24(4), 860–868. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-08-2020-0085
Schultz A. (2023. november 26.). Megmutatkozott a maffia hatalma az olasz bíróságon. 24.hu. https://24.hu/kulfold/2023/11/26/ndrangheta-olaszorszag-maffia-kalabria-forza-italia-luigi-mancuso-itelethozatal-drogkereskedelem/
Senaviratna, N. A. M. R. & A. Cooray, T. M. J. (2019). Diagnosing multicollinearity of logistic regression model. Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics, (5)(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajpas/2019/v5i230132
Shehu, A. Y. (2005). International initiatives against corruption and money laundering: An overview. Journal of Financial Crime, 12(3), 221–245. https://doi.org/10.1108/13590790510624828
Stessens, G. (2006). 2. Money laundering. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 77(1–2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.3917/ridp.771.0201
Stolton, S. (2023. február 13.). New York Times sues EU over von der Leyen’s Pfizer texts. POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/new-york-times-sue-european-union-ursula-von-der-leyen-pfizer-texts/
Sychowiec, M., Bauhr, M., & Charron, N. (2021). Does corruption lead to lower subnational credit ratings? Fiscal dependence, market reputation, and the cost of debt. Business and Politics, 23(3), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/bap.2020.22
Szántó Z. (2018). Korrupció és integritás. Magyar Tudomány, 179(4), 453–457. https://doi.org/10.1556/2065.179.2018.3.1
Tukey, J. W. (1949). Comparing individual means in the analysis of variance. Biometrics, 5(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001913
Veiga, L. H. C. & de Andrade, J. P. (2006). Money laundering, corruption and growth: An empirical rationale for a global convergence on anti-money laundering regulation. eScholarship, University of California, 1–19.
Veprik Z. J. (2020). A megbízhatósági vizsgálatok a bírósági ítéletek tükrében. Belügyi Szemle, 68(7), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.38146/BSZ.2020.7.3
Villányi, B. (2021). Money laundering: History, regulations, and techniques. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.708
Wangga, M. S. E., Wirawan, A., & Kardono, R. B. A. (2022). Corruption and money laundering perspective of criminal law and criminology. Research Horizon, 2(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.2.2.2022.363-373
Wax, E., Braun, E., & Wheaton, S. (2023, June 11). 11 key Qatargate players—Where are they now? POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/qatargate-corruption-scandal-13-key-players-six-months-on-european-parliament/
Zaman, Q. U., Aish, K., Akhter, W., & Zaidi, S. A. H. (2020). Exploring the role of corruption and money laundering (ML) on banking profitability and stability: A study of Pakistan and Malaysia. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 24(3), 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2020-0082
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2025 Academic Journal of Internal Affairs